Unit 4 Helping people around the world
词汇导练
1．We were friends and____________(同事)for more than twenty years.
2．Luckily，the family____________(逃出)from the burning house and no one got hurt.
3．This ____________(抵触)with the police evidence.
4．A teacher can’t give____________(个别的)attention to each pupil if his class is large.
5．The price is ____________(有点)higher than I expected.
6．The u____________ problem should be considered first.
7．What skills are needed to o____________ this machinery?
8．I feel very h____________to have been able to take on this role.
9．Thousands of people died as the result of the o____________of the Iraq War.
10．We students can see a doctor at the school c____________when we are not feeling well.
11．Tom left the room after six months’____________(occupy)of it.
12．There is a general____________(aware)that smoking is harmful.
1．colleagues 2.fled 3.conflicted 4.individual 5.somewhat
6．urgent 7.operate 8.honoured 9.outbreak 10.clinic
11．occupation 12.awareness
短语汇集
1．________________ 谈及，提到；指称；查阅，参考
2．________________ 给……动手术
3．________________ 在……的保护下，在……的管理下
4．________________ 回想
5．________________ 作为……的代表
6．________________ 处于混乱状态
7．________________ 让人想起……，提醒某人……
8．________________ 产生变化，发生改变
9．________________ 担当(某一角色)
10．________________ 提出，制定出
11．________________ 只要
12．________________ 出故障；抛锚
13．________________ 死于……
14．________________ 从一地到另一地
15．________________ 得到；抓住
1.refer to 2.operate on 3.under the umbrella of 4.think back to 5.on behalf of 6.in chaos 7.remind sb.of 8.make a difference 9.take on 10.set out 11.if only 12.break down 13.die from 14.from place to place 15.get hold of
语句试译
1．(回归课本P50)______________，the UN touches the lives of people everywhere.
大家都知道，联合国和全世界人们的生活息息相关。
2．(回归课本P57)________there were more people donating money to charity collections!
要是有更多的人为慈善组织捐款就好了！
3．(回归课本P62)There________mud and water everywhere，making it difficult to travel from place to place.
到处都是水和泥，这使得我们的旅程变得非常艰难。
1.As you know 2.If only 3.is
核心知识
1.lack v．& n． 缺乏；缺少的东西
(回归课本P51)．..，the UN helps countries with other problems such as lack of education，lack of food，poverty，disasters and disease.
……，联合国帮助那些国家解决其他问题，如缺乏教育、食物，贫穷问题，自然灾害和疾病。
10
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1127)There was no lack of volunteers.
志愿者不乏其人。
②(朗文P1146)Robbery charges were dropped for lack of evidence.
抢劫指控因证据不足被撤回。
③Kevin lacks a willingness to try new things.
凯文缺乏尝试新事物的积极性。
1．翻译句子
(1)许多人失败不是因为缺少能力，而是因为缺乏信心。
_________________________________________
答案：It’s lack of confidence，not lack of ability，that makes many people fail.
(2)他真正的问题是他缺乏自信。
_________________________________________
答案：His real problem is that he lacks confidence/he is lacking in confidence.
(3)由于缺少充足的睡眠，大多数学生感到很累。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Lacking/For lack of enough sleep，the majority of students feel tired.
2.face n． 面孔，表明
v． 面对
(回归课本P59)One of the major problems facing the hill tribe children along the mountainous borders of northern Thailand is poverty.
泰国北部边境沿线山区的孩子们面对的主要问题之一是贫困。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P719)It is amazing how Daniels has survived in the face of such strong political opposition.
丹尼尔斯在政治上遭到如此强烈的反对竟能挺过来，真是令人惊讶。
②(牛津P714)She had to face up to the fact that she would never walk again.
她必须敢于面对现实：她再也不能走路了。
③I’d never say it to her face，but her hair looks terrible.
我绝不会当面告诉她，但她的头发看起来很糟糕。
2.________ with a difficult situation，Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A．To face B．Having faced
C．Faced D．Facing
解析：选C。句意：面对困难，Arnold决定征求老板的建议。非谓语动词作状语事实上是状语从句的简化现象，当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可变为非谓语动词作状语。
3．________ with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task on time.
A．Faced B．Face
C．Facing D．To face
解析：选A。句意：遇到如此多的困难，所以我们没能按时完成任务。主句主语we与face(使……面对)之间的关系为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以A正确。
3.expense n． 费用，花费；代价
(回归课本P59)．..and often they cannot afford the expense to purchase important things like medicine.
……他们往往连像药品之类的重要物品都买不起。
归纳拓展
at one’s own expense自费
at the public expense公费
at any expense/cost不管花多少钱或付出多大代价
at the expense of牺牲……；付出……代价
cut down on expenses缩减开支
spare no expense不惜一切代价
living expenses生活开支
例句探源
①(朗文P706)He didn’t want to devote more time to his business at the expense of his family.
他不想牺牲家庭以在生意上投入更多的时间。
②(牛津P700)The payments he gets barely cover his expenses.
他几乎是入不敷出。
③Their visit put us to a lot of expense.
他们的来访使我们破费不小。
易混辨析
expense，cost，price，fee
(1)expense表示“费用”时，用法和cost相似，可指生活方面的各种费用，但expense多用于指大量、大规模的花费，常用复数。
(2)cost指货物、服务的成本或代价。作“成本、费用”解时是可数名词，指服务费用或一般费用。作“代价，牺牲”解时，既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
(3)price指“(商品出售的)价格”，尤指卖主所定的价格。
(4)fee常指“会费，学费，报名费，入场费”或者“付给(医生，律师，教师)的服务费，酬金”，是可数名词。
①We are surprised at the terrible expense of having the house repaired.
②What price did you pay for this suit？(＝What is the price of this suit？)
③What is the actual cost of one unit?
④He couldn’t pay the lawyer’s fees so he decided to speak for himself.
4．完成句子
(1)他以自己的健康为代价逐步建立起这个企业。
He built up the business________ ________ ________ ________his health.
答案：at the expense of
(2)他自己掏腰包出版了那本书。
He published the book________ ________ ________
________.
答案：at his own expense
(3)为使宴会成功他不惜费用。
He________ ________ ________make the party a success.
答案：spared no expense
(4)就我所知，他们已削减了开支。
To my knowledge，they have________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：cut down on expenses
4.means n． 方式；方法；手段
(回归课本P59)Health care is limited as there are no doctors or nurses in the villages and again no one has the means to pay for them.
医疗保健受到了限制，因为在村里没有医生护士，也没有人能够为他们付得起费用。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1250)She is by no means an inexperienced teacher.
她绝不是个毫无经验的教师。
②(朗文P1277)By all means，drink plenty of water while exercising.
当然，锻炼时可以多喝水。
③The adminastration is looking for new means of financing highways.
政府正在寻找新的途径为修建公路筹集资金。
易混辨析
means，method，manner，way
method，manner与means为正式用语。
(1)means指实现目的的任何手段，或使用某种交通工具的方式。
(2)method指有条理的，系统的办法，特别指新的办法。
(3)manner指特殊的或怪异的方式、方法、与动作有关。
(4)way的使用范围很广，但较多地用在具体的事情上或口语中。
①What would be the most effective method of advertising our product?
②They are trying to find a way of settling the dispute.
③This is not an economical means of heating.
④The school has decided to adopt a different manner to discipline.
5．完成句子
(1)目前电子邮件是一种有效的通讯手段。
At present email is ________ ________ ________ of communication.
答案：an effective means
(2)人们应该按照自己的负担能力来消费。
People should pay according to their ________.
答案：means
(3)它决不能说是极好，但仍然比去年好。
It was ________ ________ ________excellent but still better than last year.
答案：by no means
(4)思想可以借助音乐来表达。
Thoughts can be expressed________ ________ ________music.
答案：by means of
5.remind v． 提醒，使想起
(回归课本P63)It reminded me of my time in Sudan，where several MSF staff were attacked as people tried to get the food.
这使我想起在苏丹的日子，人们在争夺食物时，好几位“无国界医生组织”的成员遭到了攻击。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P1727)That reminds me of a joke I heard last week.
那让我想起了上周听到的一个笑话。
②(牛津P1682)Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.
提醒我出去之前给艾伦打电话。
③Can you remind me what I should do next?
你能告诉我下一步该做什么了吗？
6．完成句子
(1)我经常提醒他许下的诺言。
I often________ ________ ________his promise.
答案：remind him of
(2)别忘了提醒我给她回电话。
Don’t forget to________ ________ ________ ________her back.
答案：remind me to call
(3)请提醒他必须早点到这里。
Please ________ ________that he must be here early.
答案：remind him
(4)你把工作进程告诉他们了吗？
Did you________ ________ ________the progress of the work?
答案：inform him of
(5)他们把他打倒在地，抢走了他的表和钱。
They knocked him down and________ ________ ________ ________ ________and money.
答案：robbed him of his watch
7.________ me for what I said to you yesterday.
A．Forgive B．Apologize
C．Sorry D．Remind
解析：选A。forgive sb.for(doing)sth.原谅某人做过某事。
8．(2009年高考福建卷)________not to miss the flight at 15∶20，the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A．Reminding B．Reminded
C．To remind D．Having reminded
解析：选B。句意：有人提醒经理不要错过15∶20的航班，他匆忙出发去了机场。本题考查非谓语动词作状语，主句主语the manager与remind之间的关系为逻辑上的动宾关系，故排除A、C、D三项，因为这三项表主动，而只有B项表被动。
9. (2011年辽宁省部分重点中学模拟) Please remind me________he said he was going.I may be in time to see him off.
A．where B．when
C．how D．what
解析：选B。由句子结构知，此处缺一宾语从句引导词，其在从句中充当状语，故D项首先排除。由后句“我可以及时为他送行。”可知此处应指时间，故此处用when。
6.refer to 提到；涉及，有关；查阅，参考；查询
(回归课本P50)I am pleased to have this chance today to talk to you about the United Nations or the UN，as it is more often referred to.
我很高兴今天有机会同大家谈谈联合国的情况。联合国在英文里常被称为UN。
归纳拓展
【温馨提示】
refer的过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别是referred，referred，referring；refer作为不及物动词与to搭配，to是介词后接名词、代词或动词ing形式。
例句探源
①(朗文P1712)If you don’t know what book to get，refer to the list on page 3.
如果你不知道要什么书，请查看第三页上的书单。
②(牛津P1666)The victims were not referred to by name.
没有提到受害人的姓名。
③This paragraph refers to the event of last year.
这一段说的是去年发生的事。
④She always referred to Ben as“that nice man”．
她总是称本为“那个大好人”。
易混辨析
look up，refer to
都有“参考”“查询”的意思，但搭配不同。
(1)look up的宾语多为word，information等，不可以是book，dictionary，sb.等。
(2)refer to意思比较广泛，它既可作“查询”“查找”讲，又可作“谈到”“提及”讲。其宾语多为book，dictionary，sb.等。
①You may look up the word in the dictionary if you don’t know its meaning.
②She didn’t even refer to the notes when she made the speech.
③When I meet new words I don’t know，I often refer to the dictionary.
10．完成句子
(1)我要说的这一切和你们大家有关。
What I have to say________ ________all of you.
答案：refers to
(2)他的正餐是参照一本食谱做的。
He cooked dinner by________ ________a cookbook.
答案：referring to
(3)地方法院决定把这案件提交高级法院。
The local court decided to________ ________ ________ ________the high court.
答案：refer the case to
(4)关于你的申请，你的工作经验会使你有资格得到这份工作。
________ ________ ________your application，your working experience will make you qualify for the job.
答案：With reference to
(5)科学家们把这个发现看作是这个领域的最激动人心的新进展。
The scientists________ ________ ________ ________
________the most exciting new development in this field.
答案：referred to the discovery as
7.break down 打破，毁掉，破除；制服，压倒；坍塌，坏掉；(计划等)失败，不成功；(在健康、精神方面)垮掉
(回归课本P59)Unfortunately，if the pump breaks down，the repairing of the pump takes several days，as an engineer has to come from the nearest town to repair it.
不幸的是，如果水泵坏了的话，修好它得用好多天，因为得从最近的城镇请工程师来修。
归纳拓展
break away from从……中脱离
break in闯入；打断
break into闯入(后接宾语)
break out(火灾、战争等)突然发生，爆发break through突破(障碍，包围等)
break up分开；驱散；解散；结束，终止break off断开；突然终止
例句探源
①(牛津P233)The telephone system has broken down.
电话系统瘫痪了。
②Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
她因工作压力身体垮掉了。
③(朗文P229)The talks broke down completely in June 1982.
会议于1982年6月彻底破裂。
11.(2009年高考四川卷) How about your journey to Mount Emei?
Everything was wonderful except that our car________twice on the way.
A．slowed down B．broke down
C．got down D．put down
解析：选B。句意： 峨眉山之游感觉如何啊？ 其它都很好，就是我们的车在路上抛锚了两次。slow down放慢(速度)，(使)减速；break down损坏，(健康等)垮掉，崩溃；get down下来，写下，使沮丧；put down记下。
12.Don’t be so discouraged.If you ________such feelings，you will do better next time.
A．carry on B．get back
C．break down D．put away
解析：选D。句意：不要如此泄气，如果你抛开这种情绪，下次一定会做得更好。carry on 继续进行，从事；get back回来；break down出故障，垮掉，分解；put away抛弃，放弃，处理掉。
13．(2010年哈尔滨九中模拟) He is so unhappy . What let him down?
It’s his plans . You can’t imagine what it’s like to feel that all your plans for the future have________.
A．set down B．turned down
C．put down D．broken down
解析：选D。答语句意：是他的计划，你想象不到你未来的所有计划都失败了会是什么感觉。词组break down在此意为“失败，落空，遭受挫折”。
8.think back to 回想
(回归课本P63)When I think back to all the experiences that I have had around the world since joining MSF，I feel that I have been very lucky to be able to help others and do something worthwhile.
每当我回想起自我加入“无国界医生组织”以来我在世界各地的经历时，我就感觉到能够帮助别人做一些有价值的事情是一种幸运。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P2144)when I think back on/to that day，I can barely recall how she looked.
当我追忆那一天时，我基本上想不起她当时的表情
了。
②(牛津P2012)I think of this place as my home.
我把这地方当成了家。
③Nobody thought less of him for showing his emotions.
没有人因为他表露了自己的情感而减少对他的尊敬。
④Didn’t you ever think about others?
难道你就从没考虑过别人？
14．完成句子
(1)他回想起了他的童年，在那个遥远的小村庄的时候。
He________________ ________his childhood when he was in that faraway village.
答案：thought back to
(2)那里似乎人人都对她评价很高。
Everyone there seems to________ ________ ________ ________her.
答案：think very highly of
(3)让我们仔细考虑他的建议后再和他见面。
Let’s________ ________/________his proposal before we see him again.
答案：think over/about
(4)我认为巴黎是一个浪漫的城市。
I________ ________Paris________a city of romance.
答案：think of；as
句型解析
1【教材原句】 If only there were more people donating money to charity collections！(P57)
要是有更多的人为慈善组织捐款就好了！
【句法分析】 if only只要，要是……该多好，表示一种不能实现或难以实现的愿望，后面的谓语动词用虚拟语气。
(1)表示过去未曾实现的愿望，有“惋惜，后悔”之意，谓语动词用had done/been。
①If only I had taken his advice.
我(当时)真该听从他的建议。
(2)表示现在不可能实现的愿望，有“羡慕，力不从心”的口气，动词用一般过去式(be用were)。
②If only I were younger!
要是我年轻点儿就好了！
(3)表示将来难以实现的愿望，有“向往”的口气，动词用would/should＋动词原形或一般过去式(be用were)。
③If only he wouldn’t tell lies.
但愿他不说谎就好了。
归纳拓展
(1)if only但愿……，要是……就好了，常引导虚拟语气的条件句或感叹句。
(2)only if只要……，only if本身不是一个固定词组。only是副词，用来修饰整个if从句。用于句首时，主句要倒装。
①If only we had arrived in time，we would not have missed the train.
要是我们及时到达就好了，我们就不会错过火车了。
②Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave this classroom.
只要老师允许学生就可以离开这个教室了。
15．完成句子
(1)我同事要是有这个机会就好了！
If only my colleague________ ________ ________！
答案：had the chance
(2)要是员工们有更多的钱，就能买辆汽车了。
If only the staff________ ________ ________，they could buy a car.
答案：had more money
(3)要是我去年夏天在那个慈善机构做份临时工就好了。
If only I________ ________a temporary occupation in that charity last summer.
答案：had done
2【教材原句】 There is mud and water everywhere，making it difficult to travel from place to place.(P62)
到处都是水和泥，这使得我们的旅程变得非常艰难。
【句法分析】 本句使用的是there be句型。
(1)there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。在这种结构中，there是引导词，be后面的名词是主语，句子的结尾是地点(时间)状语。
①There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.
②There will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
(2)如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be与主语的一致问题，要采用就近一致原则。
③There is a pen，two books，and many pencils on the desk.
(3)there be结构有不同时态的形式，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。
④There was a meeting in our school yesterday.
⑤There have been many great changes in our country since then.
⑥There can’t be any mistakes in his passage.
(4)there be结构中的谓语动词be，有时可用seem to be，happen to be，is likely to be或半系动词remain，stand，lie，go，exist，follow，live，come，occur等替换。
⑦There is likely to be something wrong with his computer.
⑧Once upon a time there lived a monk in the temple.
(5)there be句型的非谓语形式。
⑨There being no time left，we have to hurry.(Because there is no time left...)(独立主格结构作状语)
⑩There having been no water for 2 days，the travelers were all very thirsty.(Because there had been no water for 2 days...)(独立主格结构作状语)
?What is the chance of there being an election this year？(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语)
?I expect there to be many chances for him to get the job.(there be的不定式结构作expect的复合宾语)
?It is natural for there to be a generation gap between the parents and their child.(there be的不定式结构作真正的主语)
16．用所给动词的适当形式填空
(1)There________(be)a chair and two tables in the room.
答案：is
(2)There________(be) no money in his pocket，he had to go hungry.
答案：is
(3)I expect there________(be)forty guests for the party.
答案：to be
(4)It is necessary for there________(be) a dictionary with you.
答案：being
词汇导练
1．We were friends and____________(同事)for more than twenty years.
2．Luckily，the family____________(逃出)from the burning house and no one got hurt.
3．This ____________(抵触)with the police evidence.
4．A teacher can’t give____________(个别的)attention to each pupil if his class is large.
5．The price is ____________(有点)higher than I expected.
6．The u____________ problem should be considered first.
7．What skills are needed to o____________ this machinery?
8．I feel very h____________to have been able to take on this role.
9．Thousands of people died as the result of the o____________of the Iraq War.
10．We students can see a doctor at the school c____________when we are not feeling well.
11．Tom left the room after six months’____________(occupy)of it.
12．There is a general____________(aware)that smoking is harmful.
1．colleagues 2.fled 3.conflicted 4.individual 5.somewhat
6．urgent 7.operate 8.honoured 9.outbreak 10.clinic
11．occupation 12.awareness
短语汇集
1．________________ 谈及，提到；指称；查阅，参考
2．________________ 给……动手术
3．________________ 在……的保护下，在……的管理下
4．________________ 回想
5．________________ 作为……的代表
6．________________ 处于混乱状态
7．________________ 让人想起……，提醒某人……
8．________________ 产生变化，发生改变
9．________________ 担当(某一角色)
10．________________ 提出，制定出
11．________________ 只要
12．________________ 出故障；抛锚
13．________________ 死于……
14．________________ 从一地到另一地
15．________________ 得到；抓住
1.refer to 2.operate on 3.under the umbrella of 4.think back to 5.on behalf of 6.in chaos 7.remind sb.of 8.make a difference 9.take on 10.set out 11.if only 12.break down 13.die from 14.from place to place 15.get hold of
语句试译
1．(回归课本P50)______________，the UN touches the lives of people everywhere.
大家都知道，联合国和全世界人们的生活息息相关。
2．(回归课本P57)________there were more people donating money to charity collections!
要是有更多的人为慈善组织捐款就好了！
3．(回归课本P62)There________mud and water everywhere，making it difficult to travel from place to place.
到处都是水和泥，这使得我们的旅程变得非常艰难。
1.As you know 2.If only 3.is
核心知识
1.lack v．& n． 缺乏；缺少的东西
(回归课本P51)．..，the UN helps countries with other problems such as lack of education，lack of food，poverty，disasters and disease.
……，联合国帮助那些国家解决其他问题，如缺乏教育、食物，贫穷问题，自然灾害和疾病。
10
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1127)There was no lack of volunteers.
志愿者不乏其人。
②(朗文P1146)Robbery charges were dropped for lack of evidence.
抢劫指控因证据不足被撤回。
③Kevin lacks a willingness to try new things.
凯文缺乏尝试新事物的积极性。
1．翻译句子
(1)许多人失败不是因为缺少能力，而是因为缺乏信心。
_________________________________________
答案：It’s lack of confidence，not lack of ability，that makes many people fail.
(2)他真正的问题是他缺乏自信。
_________________________________________
答案：His real problem is that he lacks confidence/he is lacking in confidence.
(3)由于缺少充足的睡眠，大多数学生感到很累。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：Lacking/For lack of enough sleep，the majority of students feel tired.
2.face n． 面孔，表明
v． 面对
(回归课本P59)One of the major problems facing the hill tribe children along the mountainous borders of northern Thailand is poverty.
泰国北部边境沿线山区的孩子们面对的主要问题之一是贫困。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P719)It is amazing how Daniels has survived in the face of such strong political opposition.
丹尼尔斯在政治上遭到如此强烈的反对竟能挺过来，真是令人惊讶。
②(牛津P714)She had to face up to the fact that she would never walk again.
她必须敢于面对现实：她再也不能走路了。
③I’d never say it to her face，but her hair looks terrible.
我绝不会当面告诉她，但她的头发看起来很糟糕。
2.________ with a difficult situation，Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.
A．To face B．Having faced
C．Faced D．Facing
解析：选C。句意：面对困难，Arnold决定征求老板的建议。非谓语动词作状语事实上是状语从句的简化现象，当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可变为非谓语动词作状语。
3．________ with so much trouble，we failed to complete the task on time.
A．Faced B．Face
C．Facing D．To face
解析：选A。句意：遇到如此多的困难，所以我们没能按时完成任务。主句主语we与face(使……面对)之间的关系为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以A正确。
3.expense n． 费用，花费；代价
(回归课本P59)．..and often they cannot afford the expense to purchase important things like medicine.
……他们往往连像药品之类的重要物品都买不起。
归纳拓展
at one’s own expense自费
at the public expense公费
at any expense/cost不管花多少钱或付出多大代价
at the expense of牺牲……；付出……代价
cut down on expenses缩减开支
spare no expense不惜一切代价
living expenses生活开支
例句探源
①(朗文P706)He didn’t want to devote more time to his business at the expense of his family.
他不想牺牲家庭以在生意上投入更多的时间。
②(牛津P700)The payments he gets barely cover his expenses.
他几乎是入不敷出。
③Their visit put us to a lot of expense.
他们的来访使我们破费不小。
易混辨析
expense，cost，price，fee
(1)expense表示“费用”时，用法和cost相似，可指生活方面的各种费用，但expense多用于指大量、大规模的花费，常用复数。
(2)cost指货物、服务的成本或代价。作“成本、费用”解时是可数名词，指服务费用或一般费用。作“代价，牺牲”解时，既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
(3)price指“(商品出售的)价格”，尤指卖主所定的价格。
(4)fee常指“会费，学费，报名费，入场费”或者“付给(医生，律师，教师)的服务费，酬金”，是可数名词。
①We are surprised at the terrible expense of having the house repaired.
②What price did you pay for this suit？(＝What is the price of this suit？)
③What is the actual cost of one unit?
④He couldn’t pay the lawyer’s fees so he decided to speak for himself.
4．完成句子
(1)他以自己的健康为代价逐步建立起这个企业。
He built up the business________ ________ ________ ________his health.
答案：at the expense of
(2)他自己掏腰包出版了那本书。
He published the book________ ________ ________
________.
答案：at his own expense
(3)为使宴会成功他不惜费用。
He________ ________ ________make the party a success.
答案：spared no expense
(4)就我所知，他们已削减了开支。
To my knowledge，they have________ ________ ________ ________.
答案：cut down on expenses
4.means n． 方式；方法；手段
(回归课本P59)Health care is limited as there are no doctors or nurses in the villages and again no one has the means to pay for them.
医疗保健受到了限制，因为在村里没有医生护士，也没有人能够为他们付得起费用。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(牛津P1250)She is by no means an inexperienced teacher.
她绝不是个毫无经验的教师。
②(朗文P1277)By all means，drink plenty of water while exercising.
当然，锻炼时可以多喝水。
③The adminastration is looking for new means of financing highways.
政府正在寻找新的途径为修建公路筹集资金。
易混辨析
means，method，manner，way
method，manner与means为正式用语。
(1)means指实现目的的任何手段，或使用某种交通工具的方式。
(2)method指有条理的，系统的办法，特别指新的办法。
(3)manner指特殊的或怪异的方式、方法、与动作有关。
(4)way的使用范围很广，但较多地用在具体的事情上或口语中。
①What would be the most effective method of advertising our product?
②They are trying to find a way of settling the dispute.
③This is not an economical means of heating.
④The school has decided to adopt a different manner to discipline.
5．完成句子
(1)目前电子邮件是一种有效的通讯手段。
At present email is ________ ________ ________ of communication.
答案：an effective means
(2)人们应该按照自己的负担能力来消费。
People should pay according to their ________.
答案：means
(3)它决不能说是极好，但仍然比去年好。
It was ________ ________ ________excellent but still better than last year.
答案：by no means
(4)思想可以借助音乐来表达。
Thoughts can be expressed________ ________ ________music.
答案：by means of
5.remind v． 提醒，使想起
(回归课本P63)It reminded me of my time in Sudan，where several MSF staff were attacked as people tried to get the food.
这使我想起在苏丹的日子，人们在争夺食物时，好几位“无国界医生组织”的成员遭到了攻击。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P1727)That reminds me of a joke I heard last week.
那让我想起了上周听到的一个笑话。
②(牛津P1682)Remind me to phone Alan before I go out.
提醒我出去之前给艾伦打电话。
③Can you remind me what I should do next?
你能告诉我下一步该做什么了吗？
6．完成句子
(1)我经常提醒他许下的诺言。
I often________ ________ ________his promise.
答案：remind him of
(2)别忘了提醒我给她回电话。
Don’t forget to________ ________ ________ ________her back.
答案：remind me to call
(3)请提醒他必须早点到这里。
Please ________ ________that he must be here early.
答案：remind him
(4)你把工作进程告诉他们了吗？
Did you________ ________ ________the progress of the work?
答案：inform him of
(5)他们把他打倒在地，抢走了他的表和钱。
They knocked him down and________ ________ ________ ________ ________and money.
答案：robbed him of his watch
7.________ me for what I said to you yesterday.
A．Forgive B．Apologize
C．Sorry D．Remind
解析：选A。forgive sb.for(doing)sth.原谅某人做过某事。
8．(2009年高考福建卷)________not to miss the flight at 15∶20，the manager set out for the airport in a hurry.
A．Reminding B．Reminded
C．To remind D．Having reminded
解析：选B。句意：有人提醒经理不要错过15∶20的航班，他匆忙出发去了机场。本题考查非谓语动词作状语，主句主语the manager与remind之间的关系为逻辑上的动宾关系，故排除A、C、D三项，因为这三项表主动，而只有B项表被动。
9. (2011年辽宁省部分重点中学模拟) Please remind me________he said he was going.I may be in time to see him off.
A．where B．when
C．how D．what
解析：选B。由句子结构知，此处缺一宾语从句引导词，其在从句中充当状语，故D项首先排除。由后句“我可以及时为他送行。”可知此处应指时间，故此处用when。
6.refer to 提到；涉及，有关；查阅，参考；查询
(回归课本P50)I am pleased to have this chance today to talk to you about the United Nations or the UN，as it is more often referred to.
我很高兴今天有机会同大家谈谈联合国的情况。联合国在英文里常被称为UN。
归纳拓展
【温馨提示】
refer的过去式、过去分词、现在分词分别是referred，referred，referring；refer作为不及物动词与to搭配，to是介词后接名词、代词或动词ing形式。
例句探源
①(朗文P1712)If you don’t know what book to get，refer to the list on page 3.
如果你不知道要什么书，请查看第三页上的书单。
②(牛津P1666)The victims were not referred to by name.
没有提到受害人的姓名。
③This paragraph refers to the event of last year.
这一段说的是去年发生的事。
④She always referred to Ben as“that nice man”．
她总是称本为“那个大好人”。
易混辨析
look up，refer to
都有“参考”“查询”的意思，但搭配不同。
(1)look up的宾语多为word，information等，不可以是book，dictionary，sb.等。
(2)refer to意思比较广泛，它既可作“查询”“查找”讲，又可作“谈到”“提及”讲。其宾语多为book，dictionary，sb.等。
①You may look up the word in the dictionary if you don’t know its meaning.
②She didn’t even refer to the notes when she made the speech.
③When I meet new words I don’t know，I often refer to the dictionary.
10．完成句子
(1)我要说的这一切和你们大家有关。
What I have to say________ ________all of you.
答案：refers to
(2)他的正餐是参照一本食谱做的。
He cooked dinner by________ ________a cookbook.
答案：referring to
(3)地方法院决定把这案件提交高级法院。
The local court decided to________ ________ ________ ________the high court.
答案：refer the case to
(4)关于你的申请，你的工作经验会使你有资格得到这份工作。
________ ________ ________your application，your working experience will make you qualify for the job.
答案：With reference to
(5)科学家们把这个发现看作是这个领域的最激动人心的新进展。
The scientists________ ________ ________ ________
________the most exciting new development in this field.
答案：referred to the discovery as
7.break down 打破，毁掉，破除；制服，压倒；坍塌，坏掉；(计划等)失败，不成功；(在健康、精神方面)垮掉
(回归课本P59)Unfortunately，if the pump breaks down，the repairing of the pump takes several days，as an engineer has to come from the nearest town to repair it.
不幸的是，如果水泵坏了的话，修好它得用好多天，因为得从最近的城镇请工程师来修。
归纳拓展
break away from从……中脱离
break in闯入；打断
break into闯入(后接宾语)
break out(火灾、战争等)突然发生，爆发break through突破(障碍，包围等)
break up分开；驱散；解散；结束，终止break off断开；突然终止
例句探源
①(牛津P233)The telephone system has broken down.
电话系统瘫痪了。
②Her health broke down under the pressure of work.
她因工作压力身体垮掉了。
③(朗文P229)The talks broke down completely in June 1982.
会议于1982年6月彻底破裂。
11.(2009年高考四川卷) How about your journey to Mount Emei?
Everything was wonderful except that our car________twice on the way.
A．slowed down B．broke down
C．got down D．put down
解析：选B。句意： 峨眉山之游感觉如何啊？ 其它都很好，就是我们的车在路上抛锚了两次。slow down放慢(速度)，(使)减速；break down损坏，(健康等)垮掉，崩溃；get down下来，写下，使沮丧；put down记下。
12.Don’t be so discouraged.If you ________such feelings，you will do better next time.
A．carry on B．get back
C．break down D．put away
解析：选D。句意：不要如此泄气，如果你抛开这种情绪，下次一定会做得更好。carry on 继续进行，从事；get back回来；break down出故障，垮掉，分解；put away抛弃，放弃，处理掉。
13．(2010年哈尔滨九中模拟) He is so unhappy . What let him down?
It’s his plans . You can’t imagine what it’s like to feel that all your plans for the future have________.
A．set down B．turned down
C．put down D．broken down
解析：选D。答语句意：是他的计划，你想象不到你未来的所有计划都失败了会是什么感觉。词组break down在此意为“失败，落空，遭受挫折”。
8.think back to 回想
(回归课本P63)When I think back to all the experiences that I have had around the world since joining MSF，I feel that I have been very lucky to be able to help others and do something worthwhile.
每当我回想起自我加入“无国界医生组织”以来我在世界各地的经历时，我就感觉到能够帮助别人做一些有价值的事情是一种幸运。
归纳拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P2144)when I think back on/to that day，I can barely recall how she looked.
当我追忆那一天时，我基本上想不起她当时的表情
了。
②(牛津P2012)I think of this place as my home.
我把这地方当成了家。
③Nobody thought less of him for showing his emotions.
没有人因为他表露了自己的情感而减少对他的尊敬。
④Didn’t you ever think about others?
难道你就从没考虑过别人？
14．完成句子
(1)他回想起了他的童年，在那个遥远的小村庄的时候。
He________________ ________his childhood when he was in that faraway village.
答案：thought back to
(2)那里似乎人人都对她评价很高。
Everyone there seems to________ ________ ________ ________her.
答案：think very highly of
(3)让我们仔细考虑他的建议后再和他见面。
Let’s________ ________/________his proposal before we see him again.
答案：think over/about
(4)我认为巴黎是一个浪漫的城市。
I________ ________Paris________a city of romance.
答案：think of；as
句型解析
1【教材原句】 If only there were more people donating money to charity collections！(P57)
要是有更多的人为慈善组织捐款就好了！
【句法分析】 if only只要，要是……该多好，表示一种不能实现或难以实现的愿望，后面的谓语动词用虚拟语气。
(1)表示过去未曾实现的愿望，有“惋惜，后悔”之意，谓语动词用had done/been。
①If only I had taken his advice.
我(当时)真该听从他的建议。
(2)表示现在不可能实现的愿望，有“羡慕，力不从心”的口气，动词用一般过去式(be用were)。
②If only I were younger!
要是我年轻点儿就好了！
(3)表示将来难以实现的愿望，有“向往”的口气，动词用would/should＋动词原形或一般过去式(be用were)。
③If only he wouldn’t tell lies.
但愿他不说谎就好了。
归纳拓展
(1)if only但愿……，要是……就好了，常引导虚拟语气的条件句或感叹句。
(2)only if只要……，only if本身不是一个固定词组。only是副词，用来修饰整个if从句。用于句首时，主句要倒装。
①If only we had arrived in time，we would not have missed the train.
要是我们及时到达就好了，我们就不会错过火车了。
②Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave this classroom.
只要老师允许学生就可以离开这个教室了。
15．完成句子
(1)我同事要是有这个机会就好了！
If only my colleague________ ________ ________！
答案：had the chance
(2)要是员工们有更多的钱，就能买辆汽车了。
If only the staff________ ________ ________，they could buy a car.
答案：had more money
(3)要是我去年夏天在那个慈善机构做份临时工就好了。
If only I________ ________a temporary occupation in that charity last summer.
答案：had done
2【教材原句】 There is mud and water everywhere，making it difficult to travel from place to place.(P62)
到处都是水和泥，这使得我们的旅程变得非常艰难。
【句法分析】 本句使用的是there be句型。
(1)there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方或什么时间存在什么事物”。在这种结构中，there是引导词，be后面的名词是主语，句子的结尾是地点(时间)状语。
①There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.
②There will be a meeting at the conference room at 8 o’clock tomorrow morning.
(2)如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be与主语的一致问题，要采用就近一致原则。
③There is a pen，two books，and many pencils on the desk.
(3)there be结构有不同时态的形式，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。
④There was a meeting in our school yesterday.
⑤There have been many great changes in our country since then.
⑥There can’t be any mistakes in his passage.
(4)there be结构中的谓语动词be，有时可用seem to be，happen to be，is likely to be或半系动词remain，stand，lie，go，exist，follow，live，come，occur等替换。
⑦There is likely to be something wrong with his computer.
⑧Once upon a time there lived a monk in the temple.
(5)there be句型的非谓语形式。
⑨There being no time left，we have to hurry.(Because there is no time left...)(独立主格结构作状语)
⑩There having been no water for 2 days，the travelers were all very thirsty.(Because there had been no water for 2 days...)(独立主格结构作状语)
?What is the chance of there being an election this year？(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语)
?I expect there to be many chances for him to get the job.(there be的不定式结构作expect的复合宾语)
?It is natural for there to be a generation gap between the parents and their child.(there be的不定式结构作真正的主语)
16．用所给动词的适当形式填空
(1)There________(be)a chair and two tables in the room.
答案：is
(2)There________(be) no money in his pocket，he had to go hungry.
答案：is
(3)I expect there________(be)forty guests for the party.
答案：to be
(4)It is necessary for there________(be) a dictionary with you.
答案：being
